Armed drone aircraft have been operated remotely from Britain for the first time, the Ministry of Defence has said.
It said Reaper drones had flown missions controlled from RAF Waddington, Lincolnshire, where campaign groups have held a protest rally against the practice.
The MoD said it respected people’s rights to protest peacefully.
The drones are mainly used for surveillance, but could use weapons if commanded to by their pilots in the UK.
Campaigners say the switching of control of flights to the UK marks a “critical expansion in the nation’s drones programme”.
They are calling on the government to abandon the use of drones, claiming they make it easier for politicians to launch military interventions, and have increased civilian casualties.
The MoD has defended their use in Afghanistan, saying it has saved the lives of countless military personnel and civilians.
The 10 Reaper aircraft are all based in Afghanistan to support UK and coalition forces and can carry 500lb bombs and Hellfire missiles for strikes on insurgents.
The BBC’s Ed Thomas spoke to some of the people demonstrating.
They are piloted remotely, but launched and landed with human help at Kandahar airbase.
BBC defence correspondent Caroline Wyatt says the “overwhelming majority” of missions the British drones are used for involve surveillance.
She says the MoD told her British drones are not being used for targeted assassinations, unlike the Predator drones used by the US in places such as Pakistan.
Estimates suggest CIA drone attacks in Pakistan killed up to 3,533 people between 2004 and 2013.
About 890 of them were civilians and the vast majority of strikes were carried out under President Barack Obama’s administration, according to research by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism.
Earlier this year the UN launched an inquiry into the impact on civilians of drone strikes and other targeted killings, saying a proper legal framework was required to provide accountability.
The MoD says that when weapons are used, the same rules of engagement are followed that govern the use of weapons on manned aircraft.
Previously, RAF personnel would control the drones from Creech Air Force Base, in Nevada, US.
In October last year, the RAF created 13 Squadron based at RAF Waddington south of Lincoln, where about 100 personnel include pilots, systems operators and engineers that control missions over Afghanistan.
In a statement issued on Thursday, the RAF said it had commenced supporting the International Security Assistance Force and Afghan ground troops with “armed intelligence and surveillance missions” remotely piloted from RAF Waddington.
Air Vice Marshall Sir John Walker, a former chief of defence intelligence, said “having a capability like the drones on the order of battle can only be a good thing” because they could help troops on the ground who are in trouble, if necessary.
Speaking on Radio 4’s Today programme, he likened drones to Polaris submarines which, he said, provided an effective nuclear deterrent without being used.
Robert Fox, Defence Editor for the Evening Standard: “There are huge downsides to drones… they are a profound moral issue”
He said terrorists in parts of Afghanistan operate in “a condition of sanctuary”, prompting him to ask: “How are you going to get them without something like a drone approach?”
Meanwhile, Kat Craig, legal director of human rights charity Reprieve, said the use of drones was a blight on the communities the drones monitor.
“The nature of drones means they hover above communities 24 hours a day, seven days a week,” she said.
She went on: “They present an aerial occupation, almost a form of collective punishment, that causes huge concern and distress to people living in those communities.
“In addition to the terrorising of populations that we see living under drones, there is real concern about the accuracy of the targeting.”
Several anti-war groups including CND, War on Want, the Drone Campaign Network, and the Stop the War coalition held a march and rally outside RAF Waddington on Saturday.
About 200 people are thought to have attended the demonstration, according to BBC reporters at the scene.
Chris Nineham, vice-chairman of the Stop the War Coalition, said: “I think people feel that there is something sinister and disturbing about the idea that someone can attack a foreign country thousands of miles away with, simply, the push of a button and this technology that is being introduced is giving carte blanche to governments to fight wars behind the backs of people with no public scrutiny or accountability.
“That’s the fundamental problem.”
The route of the march, from South Common along the A15 to the peace camp site opposite RAF Waddington, involved road closures in phases to limit inconvenience to motorists.
An MoD spokesman said: “We fully respect people’s right to protest peacefully and within the law and would do nothing to prevent members of the public exercising their right to peaceful protest.
“Nevertheless, we have a duty to protect public property, and to ensure that we meet our operational needs.
“The MoD has a duty to maintain security at all defence installations and uses all lawful means to do so, including the right to seek injunctions against any person who persists in trespassing on MoD property.”